The Book of Similitudes (Parables)
The Son of Man, the Elect One & Final Judgment
Overview
The most theologically significant section of 1 Enoch for NT studies. Written likely in the 1st century BC to 1st century AD, it introduces the "Son of Man" as a pre-existent heavenly figure who will sit on the throne of glory to judge the world. The title "Son of Man" appears 14 times — the same title Jesus used for himself more than any other. The Similitudes also introduce the "Elect One," the "Righteous One," and the concept of the hidden name of the Son of Man. Notably, this is the only section of 1 Enoch not found at Qumran, raising questions about its date and provenance.
Theological Significance
The Similitudes provide the most direct background for Jesus' use of "Son of Man" as a title. In the Synoptic Gospels, Jesus uses this title in three contexts: present ministry, suffering, and eschatological glory — all three of which appear in the Similitudes. The pre-existence of the Son of Man, his role as judge, his sitting on the throne of glory, and the resurrection of the righteous are all developed here before the NT.
Canon Status
Not found at Qumran. Canonical in the Ethiopian Orthodox Church. Not in Protestant or Catholic canons. Some scholars date it to the 1st century AD, raising the possibility it was influenced by early Christianity rather than influencing it — but the majority view holds it predates the NT.
Date Composed
1st century BC to 1st century AD (debated)
Language: Aramaic/Hebrew original; preserved in Ge'ez (Ethiopic)